Political Science

Undergraduate Journal of Political Science

The California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Undergraduate Journal of Political Science is our department's scholarly research journal, providing peer-reviewed articles and essays from subfields throughout the discipline. Areas covered include American politics, public administration, international relations, comparative politics, public law and political theory. The Undergraduate Journal of Political Science is a student-run journal. 

Instructions for Submissions

Senior Editor-in-Chief 2024:
Kyle Chao

Junior Editor-in-Chief 2024:
Amary Corona

Faculty Advisors:
Dr. Elli Menounou (emenounou@cpp.edu

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Current Issue: Volume 8, Issue 1, Spring 2024

Previous Issues:

Previous Editors:

  • 2023: Sofia Rosales and Kyle Chao
  • 2022: Nicolas Hernandez-Florez and Sofia Rosales
  • 2021: Natalie Kassar and Nicolas Hernandez-Florez
  • 2020: Sandra Escobar and Natalie Kassar
  • 2018: Kristen Khair and Samara Renteria
  • 2017: Tara Kwan and Kristen Khair
  • 2016: Tara Kwan

Editors Kyle Chao and Amary Corona, in addition to faculty advisor Dr. Menounoum, introduce this volume of the undergraduate journal. In addition, take a look at this year's editorial board. 

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As the power dynamics in the world continue to change, the idea of global superpowers does too. With Russia’s influence falling since the breakup of the Soviet Union, the United States’ role as the sole hegemonic power waning and China rising in East Asia, there is the opinion that other countries could also rise to superpower status, one of those being India. This thesis explores the three forms of power that superpowers use; military, economic, and soft power to examine the potential of India to become a superpower, using a case study of both the United States and China as comparisons. The thesis comes to the conclusion that India does possess the tools necessary to become a superpower, but it still has many challenges to overcome, stemming from their status as a still developing country.

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The International Monetary Fund was created to promote peace and stability through economic interdependence and free trade. One of its many functions is to provide countries with loans and economic plans for development and to help them avoid default. However, these loans often require recipient nations to enact significant disruptive reforms that tend to lead to political instability and increased debt. Guatemala has entered loan agreements with the IMF time and time again to develop economically, yet it has faced continued political instability and economic issues since the 1990s. This paper examines how IMF loan policies contributed to increased debt and political instability in Guatemala since 1990.

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Femicide has plagued Mexico for decades, serving as a testament to the country’s intersecting challenges of corruption, over militarization, gender inequality, and organized crime that afflict the country. This thesis serves to address the various factors that perpetuate feicide. Through a case study analysis, this research explores the ways in which systemic corruption within governmental institutions creates a system of impunity that is conducive to violence, specifically gender-based violence. This thesis gives a close examination to the President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador's militarized approach to combat organized crime and its effect on femicides throughout the state. Through a critical analysis of this approach, this study finds how organized crimes has been the country's scapegoat for gender-based violence, and the "War on Drugs" approach has not been effective in addressing femicide and has only exacerbated the situation. This thesis aims to highlight that a comprehensive reform in Mexico is needed within its government. In order to adequately address femicide and gender-based violence, there needs to be urgent change. Through an approach that prioritizes dismantling corruption, Mexico can break through generations of oppression that has been bestowed upon women for decades.

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While much work has analyzed the factors behind the growing incarcerated population in the US, less research has been conducted on the alarmingly high rates of recidivism that bring formerly incarcerated individuals back into the criminal justice system. This disparity in research necessitates a deeper analysis. To this extent, the present study utilizes publicly available data through the Los Angeles County Sheriff ’s Inmate Database to analyze the effect Age, Former Crimes, and Time served have on the probability an individual will recidivate. Participants were 200 individuals who were booked into Los Angeles County jails between 2019-2022. Demographic and criminal history data was collected on these participants and used to conduct multivariate analyses to understand the effect the three analyzed factors play in the probability a formerly incarcerated individual will recidivate. The results of these analyses in part reflect the established literature and suggest that as
individuals age, their probability of recidivism decreases. Other results differ from what has been traditionally observed. For instance, those who have served less time as opposed to what they were originally sentenced to generally recidivate at similar rates to those who serve their full sentences. Finally, with some exceptions, those with less violent criminal histories tend to recidivate at similar rates as those with violent histories. This may be because the present study analyzes a population that has been to this point excluded from the research on recidivism— those formerly incarcerated at the state and county levels. By drawing this research sample from LA County, the current study paints a fuller picture of recidivism and the factors that contribute to it.

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As the United States political landscape has evolved, so has the Latine population. The Latine population has grown in both size and political influence. Despite their growing size, Latine votes at some of the lowest rates in elections at every level. Many have attributed this lack of participation to the lack of political representation, group consciousness, and political salience. To address the disparities in political engagement, this thesis argues that political representation, group consciousness, and political salience will all have a positive effect on the mobilization of Latine students at Cal Poly Pomona. The findings show that each variable does positively impact voter turnout for Latine students.

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The end of colonialism after World War II caused an increase of ethnic conflicts in formally colonized territories. In South Asia, borders were created between India and Pakistan during the Partition of 1947, leaving a land between India and Pakistan to fend for themselves. This paper examines a region that is still up for contention between India and Pakistan, known as Jammu-Kashmir. This semi-autonomous region has been going through a form of ethnic conflict, primarily between Indian Hindu nationalists and Kashmiri Muslims. However, compared to other conflicts, the conflict between Indian citizens and Kashmiris remains relatively stable. This paper argues that the reason that there is regional stability is because of the vast ethnic groups, the different strengths of political and military power between India and Pakistan, and the increasing risk and fear of terrorism. The paper refers to other regions of the world that have on-going ethnic conflicts to come to a conclusion on the reasons for Jammu-Kashmir stability. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and understand the stability in the region, and give an explanation as to why there is regional stability.

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Around the mid-20th century, the Philippines, Thailand, and Cambodia all became theaters of communist rebellion, availing themselves to the political interests of regional and global powers. Direct and indirect support during these rebellions reiterates the commonplace internationalization of intrastate conflicts. Yet the drastic variations in outcome between these cases introduces an important question: How did third-party intervention affect the tractability of communist rebellions in Southeast Asia? Drawing from archival records and the Uppsala Data Conflict Program's External Support Dataset, this thesis analyzes how third-party intervention transforms the landscape of intrastate conflicts by expanding the network of actor relations beyond the traditional incumbent-rebel dyad. Within this network lie multiple combinations of interdepencies and interactions that impact the balance of power between intrastate parties. Because of this, interstate rivalries between third parties can escalate the stakes of the conflict by shifting the distribution of resources or by altering the bargaining environment. This paper argues that, because of this system of dynamics, protraction is a process that can be incubated by the external party as early as the decision-making phase preceding intervention.

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Chronic conditions have major increases in the global population annually. Long term illness is detrimental to one’s health specially when it is not being properly treated. When healthcare support teams lack understanding of cultural beliefs, norms, and religious views, they miss out on who their patients are as individuals and not just their illness. Consequently, taking away from other important factors which have a major role in patients’ lives. Failing to take patients’ other life factors into account when treating them, will lead to comorbidity of worsening existing illnesses and being susceptible to additional diseases. Drawing from my experiences interning with the Community Health Improvement Program (CHIPS) at San Antonio Regional Hospital (SARH), this paper examines multiple factors which had significant effects on patient outcomes who have chronic conditions. Attributed to a lack of cultural competency training implications at SARH. This paper will analyze the importance of cultural competency training and how they are effective when working with diverse populations at SARH. As a result, training will improve patient health outcomes and provider to patient communication. Additionally, the information from this paper will provide recommendations on how to provide effective cultural competency training at SARH for patients of diverse ethnic backgrounds.

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In America, women of color have the highest rates of health-related diseases compared to any other group, specifically their white counterparts. This translates to higher infant mortality rates, higher rates of postpartum-related death, higher rates of cardiovascular disease, etc. Studies have shown that this is due to the low socioeconomic position women of color often find themselves in, as well as racist practices found within the healthcare system. Adopting a feminist approach, the issue of health disparities is analyzed through three different feminist lenses: liberalism, socialism, and intersectionality. Each lens examines how feminist confront/ identify the solution, goal, and means of achieving such goals. Furthermore, how each lens confronts the issue of health inequalities. Consequently, this analysis demonstrates how intersectional feminism holds the best explanatory power method to address the health disparities/inequalities women of color face daily.

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The current Supreme Court of The United States of America faces a never seen 6-3 supermajority court coalition. Literature and research suggest that supreme court justices are not immune to polarization. Median justices also play a big impact on the decision directions the court takes on landmark cases. In this thesis, we will explore the role of median justices throughout different recent court terms over the last ten years and how they affect policy output. We will analyze a trend in landmark decision making in the absence of a median justice and delve into the effect this has had on supreme court decisions. This thesis aims to analyze the effects that a median Justice Kennedy (and lack of) has had in recent decision outputs that have altered the direction of our nation from a previously liberal to a more conservative direction.

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The crime terror nexus is the phenomena in which criminal organizations and terrorist organizations overlap through the use of terror tactics and the illicit trade market. This research paper examines meticulously selected case studies to help determine whether there is a clear distinction between the two organizations. Using qualitative analysis of the selected case studies detailing terrorist and criminal activities, this thesis investigates the unique phenomenon through a variety of factors. Exploring pivotal characteristics such as motive, long-term/short-term goals, and definitions. In the analysis section there is an extensive examination of organizations such as ISIS, Taliban, Los Zetas, the Medellin Cartel, and Sendero Luminoso to determine if their involvement in criminal or terrorist activities further blur the distinction from the two. There will be three sections within the analysis. The first examines criminal entities engaging in terrorist acts, the second analyzes terrorist organizations’ involvement in illicit trade, and the third analyzes alliances and transformations. Throughout the analysis of this thesis, based on the definition provided by the Department of Defense and case studies, it was found that there is not a clear distinction between the two organizations. While this thesis determined there are no clear distinctions, it is crucial to note that there are limitations to this research paper. These limitations include the lack of definition, political perspective, and the societal perspective of each organization.

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When it comes to plastic pollution, we continually hear about policy ideas and promises to “do better” from governments around the world, especially from big- hitters like India and China, but we rarely see a focus on whether or not they are actually following through. Past literature has not adequately measured intent and outcome for countries that produce large amounts of plastic pollution, which is what this research aims to do. Specifically, data will be analyzed regarding China, India, Australia, and New Zealand. China and India produce some of the most plastic pollution, and Australia and New Zealand produce some of the least. Their green mindsets, exhibited by the amount of anti-plastic pollution policies we have seen from them recently, can be compared with how much plastic pollution they produce to measure their intent and outcome, respectively. I argue that whether or not a country has the right mindset can dictate whether or not their promises aimed at eliminating plastic pollution are fruitful or not. In conclusion, this project closely examines anti-plastic pollution policies in relation to the amount of plastic a country produces, which sheds light on gaps found in previous literature on the topic.

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The housing crisis has become a worsening issue for the nation, leaving millions of families fending for themselves. What’s more, California has some of the worst conditions in the country, a problem that overlaps between housing availability and zoning reforms. Modifications to zoning laws are a necessary step for California communities to mitigate the current situation for millions of lives. If not addressed, this issue will exacerbate the current state of homelessness, drive those of lower economic thresholds further into spiraling crises, increase polarization, and drive current prices soaring. Drawing upon my experiences interning with the Community Development Department within the City of Menifee, otherwise known as a “Boom Town” in Southern California, this paper will examine the implementation of housing development and how looking to a city like Menifee can provide great insight into other new smaller but growing cities. Furthermore, this paper will showcase how incentives and other strategies may prove advantageous in reaching state goals, while also conceding to variables that may affect the likelihood of reform and other dangers brought on by the onslaught of quick development.

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This study explores the critical role of census recognition in shaping health equity among Hispanic and MENA (Middle Eastern and North African) populations in the United States. It illustrates how the inclusion of the Hispanic community in demographic data has led to improved health outcomes through the formulation of health policies and programs specifically designed to meet their needs. In contrast, the exclusion of the MENA population from these data collection efforts has obscured their health disparities, limiting access to culturally competent healthcare and preventive services. This lack of visibility exacerbates existing health inequalities and hinders the development of effective interventions. The research highlights the necessity of creating a separate demographic category for MENA individuals in health data collection to enhance understanding of their health challenges and to ensure equitable health resource allocation. By advocating for more inclusive data practices, the study aims to foster a healthcare environment where all individuals, regardless of census recognition, can achieve optimal health outcomes, advancing health equity for all.

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